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Author | George Orwell |
---|---|
Original title | Animal Farm: A Fairy Story |
Country | United Kingdom |
Language | English |
Genre | Political satire |
Published | 17 August 1945 (Secker and Warburg, London, England) |
Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
Pages | 112 (UK paperback edition) |
OCLC | 53163540 |
823/.912 20 | |
LC Class | PR6029.R8 A63 2003b |
Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945.[1][2] According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union.[3][4] Orwell, a democratic socialist,[5] was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Spanish Civil War.[6][a] The Soviet Union, he believed, had become a brutal dictatorship, built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin ('un conte satirique contre Staline'),[7] and in his essay 'Why I Write' (1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, 'to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole'.[8]
The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it. Other titular variations include subtitles like 'A Satire' and 'A Contemporary Satire'.[7] Orwell suggested the title Union des républiques socialistes animales for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin word for 'bear', a symbol of Russia. It also played on the French name of the Soviet Union, Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques.[7]
Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when the UK was in its wartime alliance with the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany and the British people and intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem, a phenomenon Orwell hated.[b] The manuscript was initially rejected by a number of British and American publishers,[9] including one of Orwell's own, Victor Gollancz, which delayed its publication. It became a great commercial success when it did appear partly because international relations were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War.[10]
Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);[11] it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels.[12] It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996[13] and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection.[14]
- 2Characters
- 3Composition and publication
- 5Analysis
- 6Adaptations
- 7See also
- 8References
Plot summary
The poorly-run Manor Farm near Willingdon, England, is ripened for rebellion from its animal populace by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer Mr. Jones. One night, the exalted boar Old Major organizes a meeting, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called 'Beasts of England'. When Old Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property 'Animal Farm'. They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, 'All animals are equal'. The decree is painted in large letters on one side of the barn. Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of Animalism. Food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mr. Jones and his associates to retake the farm (later dubbed the 'Battle of the Cowshed'), Snowball announces his plans to modernize the farm by building a windmill. Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away and he declares himself leader.
Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm. Through a young pig named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer convince the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage their project, and begin to purge the farm of animals Napoleon accuses of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) frequently smears Snowball as a collaborator of Mr. Jones, while falsely representing himself as the hero of the battle. 'Beasts of England' is replaced with an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals remain convinced that they are better off than they were under Mr. Jones.
Mr. Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. Although the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as many, including Boxer the workhorse, are wounded. Boxer eventually collapses while working on the windmill. Although Boxer is clearly taken away in a knacker's van, Squealer quickly assures the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital and that the previous owner's signboard had not been repainted. Squealer subsequently reports Boxer's death and martyrizes him with a festival the following day. However, the truth is that Napoleon had engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing Napoleon and his inner circle to acquire money to buy whisky for themselves.
Years pass, the windmill is rebuilt, and another windmill is constructed, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals which Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating, and running water, are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. In addition to Boxer, many of the animals who participated in the rebellion are dead or old. Mr. Jones, having moved away after giving up on reclaiming his farm, has also died. The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk upright, carry whips, drink alcohol and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to just two phrases: 'All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.' and 'Four legs good, two legs better.' Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance. He abolishes the practice of the revolutionary traditions and restores the name 'The Manor Farm'. The men and pigs start playing cards, flattering and praising each other while cheating at the game. Both Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington, one of the farmers, play the Ace of Spades at the same time and both sides begin fighting loudly over who cheated whom first. When the animals outside look at the pigs and men, they can no longer distinguish between the two.
Characters
Pigs
- Old Major – An aged prize Middle White boar provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is an allegorical combination of Karl Marx, one of the creators of communism, and Vladimir Lenin, the communist leader of the Russian Revolution and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being put on revered public display recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was put on display.[15]
- Napoleon – 'A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way'.[16] An allegory of Joseph Stalin,[15] Napoleon is the main villain of Animal Farm.
- Snowball – Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow. His life parallels that of Leon Trotsky,[15] but may also combine elements from Lenin.[17][c]
- Squealer – A small, white, fat porker who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, holding a position similar to that of Vyacheslav Molotov.[15]
- Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of 'Beasts of England' is banned. Rodden compares him to the poet Vladimir Mayakovsky.[18]
- The piglets – Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and are the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.
- The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge. Based on the Great Purge of Grigori Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Alexei Rykov.
- Pinkeye – A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the pig that tastes Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.
Humans
- Mr. Jones – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job. He is an allegory of Russian Tsar Nicholas II,[19] who abdicated following the February Revolution of 1917 and was murdered, along with the rest of his family, by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918. The animals' revolt after Jones drinks so much he does not care for the animals.
- Mr. Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon.[20][21][22][23] Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a 'buffer zone' between the two bickering farmers. The animals of Animal Farm are terrified of Frederick, as rumours abound of him abusing his animals and entertaining himself with cockfighting (a likely allegory for the human rights abuses of Adolf Hitler). Napoleon enters into an alliance with Frederick in order to sell surplus timber that Pilkington also sought, but is enraged to learn Frederick paid him in counterfeit money. Shortly after the swindling, Frederick and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and detonating the windmill. The brief alliance and subsequent invasion may allude to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Operation Barbarossa.
- Mr. Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds. Unlike Frederick, Pilkington is wealthier and owns more land, but his farm is in need of care as opposed to Frederick's smaller but more efficiently-run farm. Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about the animal revolution that deposed Jones and worried that this could also happen to him.
- Mr. Whymper – A man hired by Napoleon to act as the liaison between Animal Farm and human society. At first, he is used to acquire necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as dog biscuits and paraffin wax, but later he procures luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.
Horses and donkeys
- Boxer – A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working, and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and gullible. Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to hold the belief that 'Napoleon is always right'. At one point, he had challenged Squealer's statement that Snowball was always against the welfare of the farm, earning him an attack from Napoleon's dogs. But Boxer's immense strength repels the attack, worrying the pigs that their authority can be challenged. Boxer has been compared to Alexey Stakhanov, a diligent and enthusiastic role model of the Stakhanovite movement.[24] He has been described as 'faithful and strong';[25] he believes any problem can be solved if he works harder.[26] When Boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local knacker to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a moving account, falsifying Boxer's death.
- Mollie – A self-centred, self-indulgent and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution, in a manner similar to those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar. She is only once mentioned again.
- Clover – A gentle, caring female horse, who shows concern especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard. Clover can read all the letters of the alphabet, but cannot 'put words together'. She seems to catch on to the sly tricks and schemes set up by Napoleon and Squealer.
- Benjamin – A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly. He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, 'Life will go on as it has always gone on—that is, badly.' The academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is 'a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism'[27] and indeed, friends called Orwell 'Donkey George', 'after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm.'[28]
Other animals
- Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read.
- The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, they were taken away at birth by Napoleon and reared by him to be his security force.
- Moses – The Raven, 'Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker.' Initially following Mrs. Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role of talking but not working. He regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called 'Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!' Orwell portrays established religion as 'the black raven of priestcraft—promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power.' Napoleon brings the Raven back (Ch. IX), as Stalin brought back the Russian Orthodox Church.[27]
- The sheep – They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm, yet nonetheless they are the voice of blind conformity[27] as they bleat their support Napoleon's ideals with jingles during his speeches and meetings with Snowball. Their constant bleating of 'four legs good, two legs bad' was used as a device to drown out any opposition or alternate views from Snowball, much as Stalin used hysterical crowds to drown out Trotsky.[29] Towards the latter section of the book, Squealer (the propagandist) trains the sheep to alter their slogan to 'four legs good, two legs better', which they dutifully do.
- The hens – The hens are promised at the start of the revolution that they will get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from them under Mr. Jones. However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm. The hens are among the first to rebel, albeit unsuccessfully, against Napoleon.
- The cows – The cows are enticed into the revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen, but can be used to raise their own calves. Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them. The milk is stirred into the pigs' mash every day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries.
- The cat – Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven; because her excuses are so convincing and she 'purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions.'[30] She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually 'voted on both sides.'[31]
Composition and publication
Origin
George Orwell wrote the manuscript in 1943 and 1944 subsequent to his experiences during the Spanish Civil War, which he described in Homage to Catalonia (1938). In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him 'how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries'. This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the Stalinist corruption of the original socialist ideals.[32]
Immediately prior to writing the book, Orwell had quit the BBC. He was also upset about a booklet for propagandists the Ministry of Information had put out. The booklet included instructions on how to quell ideological fears of the Soviet Union, such as directions to claim that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imagination.[33]
In the preface, Orwell also described the source of the idea of setting the book on a farm:[32]
...I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat.
Publishing
Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Four publishers refused; one had initially accepted the work but declined it after consulting the Ministry of Information.[34][d] Eventually, Secker and Warburg published the first edition in 1945.
During the Second World War, it became clear to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch—including his regular publisher Gollancz. He also submitted the manuscript to Faber and Faber, where the poet T. S. Eliot (who was a director of the firm) rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising the book's 'good writing' and 'fundamental integrity', but declared that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint 'which I take to be generally Trotskyite'. Eliot said he found the view 'not convincing', and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue 'what was needed... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs'. [35] Orwell let André Deutsch, who was working for Nicholson & Watson in 1944, read the typescript, and Deutsch was convinced that Nicholson & Watson would want to publish it; however, they did not, and 'lectured Orwell on what they perceived to be errors in Animal Farm.'[36] In his London Letter on 17 April 1944 for Partisan Review, Orwell wrote that it was 'now next door to impossible to get anything overtly anti-Russian printed. Anti-Russian books do appear, but mostly from Catholic publishing firms and always from a religious or frankly reactionary angle.'
The publisher Jonathan Cape, who had initially accepted Animal Farm, subsequently rejected the book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off[37] —although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a Soviet spy.[38] Writing to Leonard Moore, a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information. Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable, and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive. It may reasonably be assumed that the 'important official' was a man named Peter Smollett, who was later unmasked as a Soviet agent.[39] Orwell was suspicious of Smollett/Smolka, and he would be one of the names Orwell included in his list of Crypto-Communists and Fellow-Travellers sent to the Information Research Department in 1949. The publisher wrote to Orwell, saying:[37]
If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators [Lenin and Stalin], that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships.
Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are.
Frederic Warburg also faced pressures against publication, even from people in his own office and from his wife Pamela, who felt that it was not the moment for ingratitude towards Stalin and the heroic Red Army,[40] which had played a major part in defeating Adolf Hitler. A Russian translation was printed in the paper Posev, and in giving permission for a Russian translation of Animal Farm, Orwell refused in advance all royalties. A translation in Ukrainian, which was produced in Germany, was confiscated in large part by the American wartime authorities and handed over to the Soviet repatriation commission.[e]
In October 1945, Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest in pursuing the possibility that the political cartoonist David Low might illustrate Animal Farm. Low had written a letter saying that he had had 'a good time with ANIMAL FARM—an excellent bit of satire—it would illustrate perfectly.' Nothing came of this, and a trial issue produced by Secker & Warburg in 1956 illustrated by John Driver was abandoned, but the Folio Society published an edition in 1984 illustrated by Quentin Blake and an edition illustrated by the cartoonist Ralph Steadman was published by Secker & Warburg in 1995 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first edition of Animal Farm.[41][42]
Preface
Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally:
The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary.... Things are kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervenes but because of a general tacit agreement that 'it wouldn't do' to mention that particular fact.
Although the first edition allowed space for the preface, it was not included,[34] and as of June 2009 most editions of the book have not included it.[citation needed]
Secker and Warburg published the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945 without an introduction. However, the publisher had provided space for a preface in the author's proof composited from the manuscript. For reasons unknown, no preface was supplied, and the page numbers had to be renumbered at the last minute.[34]
In 1972, Ian Angus found the original typescript titled 'The Freedom of the Press', and Bernard Crick published it, together with his own introduction, in The Times Literary Supplement on 15 September 1972 as 'How the essay came to be written'.[34] Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government.[34] The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 edition of Animal Farm with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface. Other publishers were still declining to publish it.[clarification needed]
Reception
Contemporary reviews of the work were not universally positive. Writing in the American New Republic magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it 'puzzled and saddened me. It seemed on the whole dull. The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for saying in a clumsy way things that have been said better directly.' Soule believed that the animals were not consistent enough with their real-world inspirations, and said, 'It seems to me that the failure of this book (commercially it is already assured of tremendous success) arises from the fact that the satire deals not with something the author has experienced, but rather with stereotyped ideas about a country which he probably does not know very well'.[43]
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The Guardian on 24 August 1945 called Animal Farm 'a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few'.[44]Tosco Fyvel, writing in Tribune on the same day, called the book 'a gentle satire on a certain State and on the illusions of an age which may already be behind us.' Julian Symons responded, on 7 September, 'Should we not expect, in Tribune at least, acknowledgement of the fact that it is a satire not at all gentle upon a particular State—Soviet Russia? It seems to me that a reviewer should have the courage to identify Napoleon with Stalin, and Snowball with Trotsky, and express an opinion favourable or unfavourable to the author, upon a political ground. In a hundred years time perhaps, Animal Farm may be simply a fairy story, today it is a political satire with a good deal of point.'
Animal Farm has been subject to much comment in the decades since these early remarks.[45]
Analysis
Animalism
The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into 'a complete system of thought', which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to Communism, not to be confused with the philosophy Animalism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading), which were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments. Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet government's revising of history in order to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society.[46]
Squealer sprawls at the foot of the end wall of the big barn where the Seven Commandments were written (ch. viii) – preliminary artwork for a 1950 strip cartoon by Norman Pett and Donald Freeman
The original commandments are:
- Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
- Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
- No animal shall wear clothes.
- No animal shall sleep in a bed.
- No animal shall drink alcohol.
- No animal shall kill any other animal.
- All animals are equal.
These commandments are also distilled into the maxim 'Four legs good, two legs bad!' which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism.
Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear themselves of accusations of law-breaking. The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded:
- No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.
- No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.
- No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.
Eventually, these are replaced with the maxims, 'All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others', and 'Four legs good, two legs better!' as the pigs become more human. This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political dogma can be turned into malleable propaganda.[47]
Significance and allegory
The Horn and Hoof Flag described in the book appears to be based on the hammer and sickle, the Communist symbol.
Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, 'virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory.'[48] Orwell himself wrote in 1946, 'Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution... [and] that kind of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters [-] revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert.'[49] In a preface for a 1947 Ukrainian edition, he stated, '... for the past ten years I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if we wanted a revival of the socialist movement. On my return from Spain [in 1937] I thought of exposing the Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by almost anyone and which could be easily translated into other languages.'[50]
The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. The Battle of the Cowshed has been said to represent the allied invasion of Soviet Russia in 1918,[51] and the defeat of the White Russians in the Russian Civil War.[52] The pigs' rise to pre-eminence mirrors the rise of a Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR, just as Napoleon's emergence as the farm's sole leader reflects Stalin's emergence. The pigs' appropriation of milk and apples for their own use, 'the turning point of the story' as Orwell termed it in a letter to Dwight Macdonald,[49] stands as an analogy for the crushing of the left-wing 1921 Kronstadt revolt against the Bolsheviks,[49] and the difficult efforts of the animals to build the windmill suggest the various Five Year Plans. The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.[53] In chapter seven, when the animals confess their nonexistent crimes and are killed, Orwell directly alludes to the purges, confessions and show trials of the late 1930s. These contributed to Orwell's conviction that the Bolshevik revolution had been corrupted and the Soviet system become rotten.[54]
Peter Edgerly Firchow and Peter Davison consider that the Battle of the Windmill represents World War II,[52] especially the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Moscow.[51] During the battle, Orwell first wrote, 'All the animals, including Napoleon' took cover. Orwell had the publisher alter this to 'All the animals except Napoleon' in recognition of Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.[55] Orwell requested the change after he met Joseph Czapski in Paris in March 1945. Czapski, a survivor of the Katyn Massacre and an opponent of the Soviet regime, told Orwell, as Orwell wrote to Arthur Koestler, that it had been 'the character [and] greatness of Stalin' that saved Russia from the German invasion.[f]
Front row (left to right): Rykov, Skrypnyk, and Stalin – 'When Snowball comes to the crucial points in his speeches he is drowned out by the sheep (Ch. V), just as in the party Congress in 1927 [above], at Stalin's instigation 'pleas for the opposition were drowned in the continual, hysterically intolerant uproar from the floor'. (Isaac Deutscher[56])
Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943[57][g] include the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions in Hungary and in Germany (Ch IV); the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball (Ch V), paralleling 'the two rival and quasi-Messianic beliefs that seemed pitted against one another: Trotskyism, with its faith in the revolutionary vocation of the proletariat of the West; and Stalinism with its glorification of Russia's socialist destiny';[58] Napoleon's dealings with Whymper and the Willingdon markets (Ch VI), paralleling the Treaty of Rapallo; and Frederick's forged bank notes, paralleling the Hitler-Stalin pact of August 1939, after which Frederick attacks Animal Farm without warning and destroys the windmill.[22]
The book's close, with the pigs and men in a kind of rapprochement, reflected Orwell's view of the 1943 Teheran Conference[h] that seemed to display the establishment of 'the best possible relations between the USSR and the West'—but in reality were destined, as Orwell presciently predicted, to continue to unravel.[59] The disagreement between the allies and the start of the Cold War is suggested when Napoleon and Pilkington, both suspicious, 'played an ace of spades simultaneously'.[55]
Similarly, the music in the novel, starting with 'Beasts of England' and the later anthems, parallels 'The Internationale' and its adoption and repudiation by the Soviet authorities as to the Anthem of the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s.[citation needed]
Adaptations
Films
Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.
- Animal Farm (1954) is an animated feature in which Napoleon is apparently overthrown in a second revolution. In 1974, E. Howard Hunt revealed that he had been sent by the CIA's Psychological Warfare department to obtain the film rights from Orwell's widow, and the resulting 1954 animation was funded by the agency.[60]
- Animal Farm (1999) is a TV live-action version that shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, reflecting the collapse of Soviet communism.
In 2012, an HFR-3D version of Animal Farm, potentially directed by Andy Serkis, was announced.[61]
Radio dramatizations
A BBC radio version, produced by Rayner Heppenstall, was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with Hugh Gordon Porteous, amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, 'who had not read the book, grasped what was happening after a few minutes.'[62]
A further radio production, again using Orwell's own dramatisation of the book, was broadcast in January 2013 on BBC Radio 4. Tamsin Greig narrated, and the cast included Nicky Henson as Napoleon, Toby Jones as the propagandist Squealer, and Ralph Ineson as Boxer.[63]
Stage productions
A theatrical version, with music by Richard Peaslee and lyrics by Adrian Mitchell, was staged at the National Theatre London on 25 April 1984, directed by Peter Hall. It toured nine cities in 1985.[64]
A solo version, adapted and performed by Guy Masterson, premièred at the Traverse Theatre Edinburgh in January 1995 and has toured worldwide since.[65][66]
Comic strip
Foreign Office copy of the first installment of Norman Pett's Animal Farm comic strip.
In 1950 Norman Pett and his writing partner Don Freeman was secretly hired by the British Foreign Office to adapt Animal Farm into a comic strip. This comic was not published in the U.K. but ran in Brazilian and Burmese newspapers.[67]
See also
- Władysław Reymont, Polish Nobel laureate who anticipated by two decades Orwell's Animal Farm with his book Revolt.
Books
- Gulliver's Travels, a favourite book of Orwell's—Swift reverses the role of horses and human beings in the fourth book—Orwell brought also to Animal Farm 'a dose of Swiftian misanthropy, looking ahead to a time 'when the human race had finally been overthrown.'[54]
- Bunt (Revolt), published in 1924, is a book by Polish Nobel laureateWładysław Reymont with a theme similar to Animal Farm's.
- White Acre vs. Black Acre, published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for slavery in the United States similar to Animal Farm's portrayal of Soviet history.
- George Orwell's own Nineteen Eighty-Four, a classic dystopian novel about totalitarianism.
References
Notes
- ^ Orwell, writing in his review of Franz Borkenau's The Spanish Cockpit in Time and Tide, 31 July 1937, and 'Spilling the Spanish Beans', New English Weekly, 29 July 1937
- ^Bradbury, Malcolm, Introduction
- ^According to Christopher Hitchens, 'the persons of Lenin and Trotsky are combined into one [i.e., Snowball], or, it might even be [...] to say, there is no Lenin at all.'[17]
- ^Orwell 1976 page 25 La libertà di stampa
- ^Struve, Gleb. Telling the Russians, written for the Russian journal New Russian Wind, reprinted in Remembering Orwell
- ^A Note on the Text, Peter Davison, Animal Farm, Penguin edition 1989
- ^ In the Preface to Animal Farm Orwell noted however, 'although various episodes are taken from the actual history of the Russian Revolution, they are dealt with schematically and their chronological order is changed.'
- ^Preface to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, reprinted in Orwell:Collected Works, It Is What I Think
Citations
- ^Bynum 2012.
- ^12 Things You 2015.
- ^Gcse English Literature.
- ^Meija 2002.
- ^Orwell 2014, p. 23.
- ^Bowker 2013, p. 235.
- ^ abcDavison 2000.
- ^Orwell 2014, p. 10.
- ^Animal Farm: Sixty.
- ^Dickstein 2007, p. 134.
- ^Grossman & Lacayo 2005.
- ^Modern Library 1998.
- ^The Hugo Awards 1996.
- ^'Great Books of the Western World as Free eBooks'. 5 March 2019.
- ^ abcdRodden 1999, pp. 5ff.
- ^Orwell 1979, p. 15, chapter II.
- ^ abHitchens 2008, p. 186f.
- ^Rodden 1999, p. 11.
- ^Fall of Mister.
- ^Sparknotes ' Literature.
- ^Scheming Frederick how.
- ^ abMeyers 1975, p. 141.
- ^Bloom 2009.
- ^Rodden 1999, p. 12.
- ^Sutherland 2005, pp. 17–19.
- ^Roper 1977, pp. 11–63.
- ^ abcDickstein 2007, p. 141.
- ^Orwell 2006, p. 236.
- ^Meyers 1975, p. 122.
- ^Orwell 2009, p. 52.
- ^Orwell 2009, p. 25.
- ^ abOrwell 1947.
- ^Overy 1997, p. 297.
- ^ abcdeFreedom of the Press.
- ^Eliot 1969.
- ^Orwell 2013, p. 231.
- ^ abWhitewashing of Stalin 2008.
- ^Taylor 2003, p. 337.
- ^Leab 2007, p. 3.
- ^Fyvel 1982, p. 139.
- ^Orwell 2001, p. 123.
- ^Orwell 2015, pp. 313–14.
- ^Soule 1946.
- ^Books of day 1945.
- ^Orwell 2015, p. 253.
- ^Rodden 1999, pp. 48–49.
- ^Carr 2010, pp. 78–79.
- ^Meyers 1975, p. 249.
- ^ abcOrwell 2013, p. 334.
- ^Crick 2019, p. 450.
- ^ abDavison 1996, p. 161.
- ^ abFirchow 2008, p. 102.
- ^Leab 2007, pp. 6–7.
- ^ abDickstein 2007, p. 135.
- ^ abMeyers 1975, p. 142.
- ^Meyers 1975, p. 138, 311.
- ^Meyers 1975, p. 135.
- ^Meyers 1975, p. 138.
- ^Leab 2007, p. 7.
- ^Chilton 2016.
- ^Giardina 2012.
- ^Orwell 2013, p. 112.
- ^Real George Orwell,.
- ^Orwell 2013, p. 341.
- ^One man Animal 2013.
- ^Animal Farm.
- ^Norman Pett.
Sources
- '12 Things You May Not Know About Animal Farm'. Metro. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- '1946 Retro-Hugo Awards'. The Hugo Awards. 1996. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
- 'Animal Farm: Sixty Years On'. History Today. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017.
- 'Animal Farm'. Theatre Tours International (Archived copy ed.). Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
- Bloom, Harold (2009). Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations: Animal Farm – New Edition (1st ed.). Infobase Publishing. ISBN1604135824. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- 'Books of the day – Animal Farm'. The Guardian. 24 August 1945. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
- Bowker, Gordon (14 March 2013). George Orwell. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN978-1-4055-2805-4.
- Bynum, Helen (2012). Spitting Blood: The History of Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press. p. xiii. ISBN9780199542055.
- Carr, Craig L. (14 October 2010). Orwell, Politics, and Power. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-4411-5854-3. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
- Chilton, Martin (21 January 2016). 'How the CIA brought Animal Farm to the screen'. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
- Crick, Bernard (30 April 2019). George Orwell: A Life. Sutherland House Publishing. ISBN978-1-9994395-0-7.
- Davison, P. (8 March 1996). George Orwell: A Literary Life. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN978-0-230-37140-8.
- Davison, Peter (2000). 'George Orwell: Animal Farm: A Fairy Story: A Note on the Text'. England: Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 12 December 2006.
- Dickstein, Morris (2007). 'Animal Farm: History as fable'. In John Rodden (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–145. ISBN978-0-521-67507-9.
- Eliot, Valery (6 January 1969). 'T.S. Eliot and Animal Farm: Reasons for Rejection'. The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
- 'The Fall of Mister Jones and the Russian Revolution of 1917'. Shmoop University. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- Firchow, Peter Edgerly (2008). Modern Utopian Fictions from H.G. Wells to Iris Murdoch. CUA Press. ISBN978-0-8132-1573-0.
- 'GCSE English Literature – Animal Farm – historical context (pt 1/3)'. BBC. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012.
- Giardina, Carolyn (19 October 2012). 'Andy Serkis to Direct Adaptation of 'Animal Farm''. hollywoodreporter.com. The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- Fyvel, Tosco R. (October 1982). George Orwell, a personal memoir. MacMillan.
- Grossman, Lev; Lacayo, Richard (16 October 2005). 'All-Time 100 Novels'. TIME magazine. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
- Hitchens, Christopher (6 August 2008). Why Orwell Matters. Basic Books. ISBN978-0-7867-2589-2.
- Leab, Daniel J. (2007). Orwell Subverted: The CIA and the Filming of Animal Farm. Penn State Press. ISBN0-271-02978-1.
- Meija, Jay (26 August 2002). 'Animal Farm: A Beast Fable for Our Beastly Times'. Literary Kicks. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- Meyers, Jeffrey (1975). A Reader's Guide to George Orwell. Thames and Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-15016-0.
- 'Norman Pett'. lambiek.net. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- 'One man Animal Farm Show On the Way to Darwen'. Lancashire Telegraph. 25 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014.
- Orwell, George (1945). 'The Freedom of the Press: Orwell's Proposed Preface to 'Animal Farm''. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
- Orwell, George (1946). Animal Farm. New York: The New American Library. ISBN978-1-4193-6524-9.
- Orwell, George (March 1947). 'Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm'. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005.
- Orwell, George (1979) [First published by Martin Secker & Warburg 1945; published in Penguin Books 1951]. Animal Farm. England: Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-000838-8.
- Orwell, George (2001). Smothered Under Journalism 1946. Secker & Warburg. ISBN978-0-436-20556-9.
- Orwell, George (2006). Peter Hobley Davison (ed.). The Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell. Timewell. ISBN978-1-85725-214-9.
- Orwell, George (2009). Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. HMH Books. ISBN978-0-547-37022-4.
- Orwell, George (2013). Peter Davison (ed.). George Orwell: A Life in Letters. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 231–. ISBN978-0-87140-462-6.
- 'The Real George Orwell, Animal Farm'. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013.
- Orwell, George (30 October 2014). Why I Write. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN978-0-14-198060-7.
- Orwell, George (9 February 2015). I Belong to the Left: 1945. Penguin Random House. ISBN978-1-84655-944-0.
- Overy, Richard (1997). Why the Allies Won. W.W. Norton. ISBN978-0-393-31619-3.
- Rodden, John (1999). Understanding Animal Farm: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-30201-5. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
- Roper, D. (1977). 'Viewpoint 2: The Boxer Mentality'. Change. 9 (11): 11–63. doi:10.1080/00091383.1977.10569271. JSTOR40176954.
- 'The Scheming Frederick and how Hitler Broke the Non-Aggression Pact'. Shmoop University. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- Soule, George (1946). '1946 Review of George Orwell's 'Animal Farm''. The New Republic. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017.
- 'SparkNotes ' Literature Study Guides ' Animal Farm ' Chapter VIII'. SparkNotes LLC. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
- Sutherland, T. (2005). 'Speaking My Mind: Orwell Farmed for Education'. The English Journal. 95 (1): 17–19. JSTOR30047391.
- Taylor, David John (2003). Orwell: The Life. H. Holt. ISBN978-0-8050-7473-4.
- 'The whitewashing of Stalin'. BBC News. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008.
- 'Top 100 Best Novels'. Modern Library. 1998. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
Further reading
- Bott, George (1968) [1958]. Selected Writings. London, Melbourne, Toronto, Singapore, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Nairobi, Auckland, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books. ISBN978-0-435-13675-8.
- Menchhofer, Robert W. (1990). Animal Farm. Lorenz Educational Press.
External links
- Wikilivres has original media or text related to this article: Animal Farm (in the public domain in New Zealand)
- Animal Farm at Faded Page (Canada)
- Animal Farm at Project Gutenberg Australia
- Animal Farm Revisited by John Molyneux, International Socialism, 44 (1989)
- Animal Farm at the British Library
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&oldid=903581541'
Cover of the first Blu-ray volume released in Japan on February 23, 2018.
Black Clover is a Japanese anime series adapted from the manga of the same title written and illustrated by Yūki Tabata. Produced by Pierrot and directed by Tatsuya Yoshihara, the series premiered on October 3, 2017 on TV Tokyo in Japan.[1] Kazuyuki Fudeyasu wrote the scripts, Itsuko Takeda designed the characters, and Minako Seki composed the music.[2] The first season, which adapts the first eight volumes of the manga, was initially listed as running for 13 episodes,[3] but was later expanded to 51 episodes.[4] A second season premiered on October 2, 2018.[5][6] The series uses fourteen different pieces of theme music: seven opening themes and seven ending themes.
An original video animation produced by Xebec that is based on the series was shown at the 2016 Jump Festa between November 27 and December 18, 2016.[7][8][9] It was bundled with the 11th volume of the manga, which was released on May 2, 2017.[10] A second original video animation was shown at the 2018 Jump Festa.[11]
![Day Day](/uploads/1/2/5/5/125580709/318416952.png)
In 2017, both Crunchyroll and Funimation licensed the series for an English-language release in North America. Crunchyroll is simulcasting the series,[12] while Funimation is producing an English dub as it airs.[13][14] Their adaptation premiered on December 2, 2017, on Adult Swim's Toonami block.[15] The first DVD and Blu-ray compilation was released by Avex Pictures on February 23, 2018, with individual volumes being released monthly.[16]
- 1Episode list
Episode list[edit]
Season 1[edit]
No. | Adult Swim's Toonami English title[a] / Japanese translated title[b] Original Japanese title | Original airdate (Japan)[17] | Original airdate (U.S.) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 'Asta and Yuno' Transcription: 'Asuta to Yuno' (Japanese: アスタとユノ) | October 3, 2017 | December 2, 2017 |
2 | 'A Young Man's Vow' / 'The Boys' Promise' Transcription: 'Shōnen no Chikai' (Japanese: 少年の誓い) | October 10, 2017 | December 9, 2017 |
3 | 'To the Royal Capital!' / 'To the Royal Capital of the Clover Kingdom!' Transcription: 'Kurōbā Ōkoku, Ōto e!' (Japanese: クローバー王国、王都へ!) | October 17, 2017 | December 16, 2017 |
4 | 'The Magic Knights Entrance Exam' Transcription: 'Mahō Kishidan Nyūdan Shiken' (Japanese: 魔法騎士団入団試験) | October 24, 2017 | January 6, 2018[c] |
5 | 'The Road to the Wizard King' / 'The Path to the Wizard King' Transcription: 'Mahōtei e no Michi' (Japanese: 魔法帝への道) | October 31, 2017 | January 13, 2018 |
6 | 'The Black Bulls' Transcription: 'Kuro no Bōgyū' (Japanese: 黒の暴牛) | November 7, 2017 | January 20, 2018 |
7 | 'Another New Member' / 'The Other New Recruit' Transcription: 'Mō Hitori no Shin Nyūdan'in' (Japanese: もう一人の新入団員) | November 14, 2017 | January 27, 2018 |
8 | 'Go! Go! My First Mission' / 'Go! Go! First Mission' Transcription: 'Gō Gō Hatsu Ninmu' (Japanese: ゴーゴー初任務) | November 21, 2017 | February 3, 2018 |
9 | 'Beasts' Transcription: 'Kemono' (Japanese: 獣) | November 28, 2017 | February 10, 2018 |
10 | 'Guardians' / 'Those Who Protect' Transcription: 'Mamoru Mono' (Japanese: 護る者) | December 5, 2017 | February 17, 2018 |
11 | 'What Happened One Day in the Castle Town' / 'What Happened on a Certain Day in the Castle Town' Transcription: 'Toaru Hi no Jōkamachi de no Dekigoto' (Japanese: とある日の城下町での出来事) | December 12, 2017 | February 24, 2018 |
12 | 'The Wizard King Saw ...' Transcription: 'Mahōtei wa Mita' (Japanese: 魔法帝は見た) | December 19, 2017 | March 3, 2018 |
13 | 'The Wizard King Saw ... (continued)' Transcription: 'Zoku Mahōtei wa Mita' (Japanese: 続・魔法帝は見た) | December 26, 2017 | March 10, 2018 |
14 | 'Dungeon' Transcription: 'Danjon' (Japanese: | January 9, 2018 | March 17, 2018 |
15 | 'The Diamond Mage' Transcription: 'Daiyamondo no Madōsenshi' (Japanese: ダイヤモンドの魔導戦士) | January 16, 2018 | March 24, 2018 |
16 | 'Friends' Transcription: 'Nakama' (Japanese: 仲間) | January 23, 2018 | March 31, 2018 |
17 | 'Destroyer' Transcription: 'Hakaimono' (Japanese: 破壊者) | January 30, 2018 | April 8, 2018[d] |
18 | 'Memories of You' Transcription: 'Tsuioku no Kimi' (Japanese: 追憶の君) | February 6, 2018 | April 15, 2018 |
19 | 'Destruction and Salvation' Transcription: 'Hōkai to Kyūsai' (Japanese: 崩壊と救済) | February 13, 2018 | April 22, 2018 |
20 | 'Assembly at the Royal Capital' Transcription: 'Ōto Shūketsu' (Japanese: 王都集結) | February 20, 2018 | April 29, 2018 |
21 | 'Capital Riot' Transcription: 'Ōto Sōran' (Japanese: 王都騒乱) | February 27, 2018 | May 6, 2018[e] |
22 | 'Wild Magic Dance' Transcription: 'Mahō Ranbu' (Japanese: 魔法乱舞) | March 6, 2018 | May 13, 2018 |
23 | 'The King of the Crimson Lions' / 'The Crimson Lion King' Transcription: 'Guren no Shishiō' (Japanese: 紅蓮の獅子王) | March 13, 2018 | May 20, 2018 |
24 | 'Blackout' Transcription: 'Burakkuauto' (Japanese: ブラックアウト) | March 20, 2018 | June 3, 2018[f] |
25 | 'Adversity' Transcription: 'Gyakkyō' (Japanese: 逆境) | March 27, 2018 | June 10, 2018 |
26 | 'Wounded Beasts' Transcription: 'Teoi no Kemono' (Japanese: 手負いの獣) | April 3, 2018 | June 17, 2018 |
27 | 'Light' Transcription: 'Hikari' (Japanese: 光) | April 10, 2018 | June 24, 2018 |
28 | 'The One I've Set My Heart On' Transcription: 'Kokoro ni Kimeta Hito' (Japanese: 心に決めた人) | April 17, 2018 | July 1, 2018 |
29 | 'Path' Transcription: 'Michi' (Japanese: 道) | April 24, 2018 | July 8, 2018 |
30 | 'The Mirror Mage' Transcription: 'Kagami no Madōshi' (Japanese: 鏡の魔道士) | May 1, 2018 | July 15, 2018 |
31 | 'Pursuit over the Snow' Transcription: 'Setsujō no Tsuigeki' (Japanese: 雪上の追跡) | May 8, 2018 | July 22, 2018 |
32 | 'Three-Leaf Sprouts' Transcription: 'Mitsuba no Me' (Japanese: 三つ葉の芽) | May 15, 2018 | July 29, 2018 |
33 | 'To Help Somebody, Someday' / 'To Help Somebody Someday' Transcription: 'Itsuka Dareka no Tame ni naru' (Japanese: いつか誰かの為になる) | May 22, 2018 | August 5, 2018 |
34 | 'Light Magic vs. Dark Magic' Transcription: 'Hikari Mahō Bāsasu Yami Mahō' (Japanese: 光魔法VS闇魔法) | May 29, 2018 | August 12, 2018 |
35 | 'The Light of Judgment' Transcription: 'Sabaki no Hikari' (Japanese: 裁きの光) | June 5, 2018 | August 19, 2018 |
36 | 'Three Eyes' Transcription: 'Mittsu no Me' (Japanese: 三つの眼) | June 12, 2018 | August 26, 2018 |
37 | 'The One with No Magic' Transcription: 'Maryokunaki Mono' (Japanese: 魔力無き者) | June 19, 2018 | September 9, 2018[g] |
38 | 'The Magic Knight Captains Conference' Transcription: 'Mahō Kishi-dan Danchō Kaigi' (Japanese: 魔法騎士団団長会議) | June 26, 2018 | September 16, 2018 |
39 | 'Three-Leaf Salute' Transcription: 'Mitsuba no Keirei' (Japanese: 三つ葉の敬礼) | July 3, 2018 | September 23, 2018 |
40 | 'A Black Beach Story' Transcription: 'Kuro no Kaigan Monogatari' (Japanese: 黒の海岸物語) | July 10, 2018 | September 30, 2018 |
41 | 'The Water Girl Grows Up' Transcription: 'Mizu no Seichō Monogatari' (Japanese: 水の娘成長物語) | July 17, 2018 | October 7, 2018 |
42 | 'The Underwater Temple' Transcription: 'Kaitei Shinden' (Japanese: 海底神殿) | July 24, 2018 | October 14, 2018 |
43 | 'Temple Battle Royale' Transcription: 'Shinden Batoru Rowaiyaru' (Japanese: 神殿バトルロワイヤル) | July 31, 2018 | October 21, 2018 |
44 | 'The Pointlessly Direct Fireball and the Wild Lightning' Transcription: 'Guchokuna Kakyū to Honpōna Inazuma' (Japanese: 愚直な火球と奔放な稲光) | August 7, 2018 | October 28, 2018 |
45 | 'The Guy Who Doesn't Know When to Quit' Transcription: 'Akirame no Warui Otoko' (Japanese: 諦めの悪い男) | August 14, 2018 | November 4, 2018 |
46 | 'Awakening' Transcription: 'Kakusei' (Japanese: 覚醒) | August 21, 2018 | November 11, 2018 |
47 | 'The Only Weapon' Transcription: 'Yuiitsu no Buki' (Japanese: 唯一の武器) | August 28, 2018 | November 25, 2018[h] |
48 | 'Despair vs. Hope' Transcription: 'Zetsubō Bāsasu Kibō' (Japanese: 絶望VS希望) | September 4, 2018 | December 2, 2018 |
49 | 'Beyond Limits' Transcription: 'Genkai no Saki' (Japanese: 限界の先) | September 11, 2018 | December 9, 2018 |
50 | 'End of the Battle, End of Despair' Transcription: 'Tatakai no Hate Zetsubō no Owari' (Japanese: 戦いの果て 絶望の終わり) | September 18, 2018 | December 16, 2018 |
51 | 'Proof of Rightness' Transcription: 'Tadashi-sa no Shōmei' (Japanese: 正しさの証明) | September 25, 2018 | January 6, 2019[i] |
Season 2[edit]
No. | Adult Swim's Toonami English title[j] / Japanese translated title[k] Original Japanese title | Original airdate (Japan)[26] | Original airdate (U.S.) |
---|---|---|---|
52 | 'Whoever's Strongest Wins' Transcription: 'Tsuyoi Hōga Katsu' (Japanese: 強い方が勝つ) | October 2, 2018 | January 13, 2019 |
53 | 'Behind the Mask' Transcription: 'Kamen no Oku' (Japanese: 仮面の奥) | October 9, 2018 | January 20, 2019 |
54 | 'Never Again' Transcription: 'Mōnidoto' (Japanese: もう二度と) | October 16, 2018 | January 27, 2019 |
55 | 'The Man Named Fanzell' Transcription: 'Fanzeru to Yū otoko' (Japanese: ファンゼルという男) | October 23, 2018 | February 3, 2019 |
56 | 'The Man Named Fanzell Continued' Transcription: 'Zoku Fanzeru to Yū otoko' (Japanese: 続・ファンゼルという男) | October 30, 2018 | February 10, 2019 |
57 | 'Infiltration' Transcription: 'Sen'nyū' (Japanese: 潜入) | November 6, 2018 | February 17, 2019 |
58 | 'The Battlefield Decision' / 'Battlefield Decision' Transcription: 'Senjō no Ketsudan' (Japanese: 戦場の決断) | November 13, 2018 | February 24, 2019 |
59 | 'Flames of Hatred' Transcription: 'Zōo no Honō' (Japanese: 憎悪の炎) | November 20, 2018 | March 3, 2019 |
60 | 'Defectors' Atonement' Transcription: 'Rihan-sha no Shokuzai' (Japanese: 離反者の贖罪) | November 27, 2018 | March 10, 2019 |
61 | 'The Promised World' Transcription: 'Yakusoku no Sekai' (Japanese: 約束の世界) | December 4, 2018 | March 17, 2019 |
62 | 'Bettering One Another' / 'Those Who Boost Each Other Up' Transcription: 'Takame Au Sonzai' (Japanese: 高め合う存在) | December 11, 2018 | March 24, 2019 |
63 | 'Not in the Slightest' Transcription: 'Nandemonai' (Japanese: 何でも無い) | December 18, 2018 | March 31, 2019 |
64 | 'The Red Thread of Fate' Transcription: 'Unmei no Akai Ito' (Japanese: 運命の赤い糸) | December 25, 2018 | April 7, 2019 |
65 | 'I'm Home' Transcription: 'Tadaima' (Japanese: ただいま) | January 8, 2019 | April 14, 2019 |
66 | 'The Secret of the Eye of the Midnight Sun' / 'The Eye of the Midnight Sun's Secret' Transcription: 'Byakuya no Magan no Himitsu' (Japanese: 白夜の魔眼のひみつ) | January 15, 2019 | April 21, 2019 |
67 | 'A Fun Festival Double Date' Transcription: 'Tanoshī o Matsuri Daburu Dēto' (Japanese: 楽しいお祭りWデート) | January 22, 2019 | April 28, 2019 |
68 | 'Battle to the Death?! Yami vs. Jack' Transcription: 'Shitō!? Yami Bāsasu Jakku' (Japanese: 死闘!? ヤミVSジャック) | January 29, 2019 | May 5, 2019 |
69 | 'The Briar Maiden's Melancholy' Transcription: 'Ibara Otome no Yūutsu' (Japanese: 荊乙女の憂鬱) | February 5, 2019 | May 12, 2019 |
70 | 'Two New Stars' Transcription: 'Futatsu no Shinsei' (Japanese: 二つの新星) | February 12, 2019 | May 19, 2019 |
71 | 'The Uncrowned, Undefeated Lioness' Transcription: 'Mukan Muhai no Onna Shishi' (Japanese: 無冠無敗の女獅子) | February 19, 2019 | May 26, 2019 |
72 | 'Saint Elmo's Fire' Transcription: 'Sento Erumo no Hi' (Japanese: セントエルモの火) | February 26, 2019 | June 2, 2019 |
73 | 'The Royal Knights Selection Test' Transcription: 'Roiyaru Naitsu Senbatsu Shiken' (Japanese: | March 5, 2019 | June 9, 2019 |
74 | 'Flower of Resolution' Transcription: 'Chikai no Hana' (Japanese: 誓いの花) | March 12, 2019 | June 16, 2019 |
75 | 'Fierce Battle' Transcription: 'Gekisen' (Japanese: 激戦) | March 19, 2019 | June 23, 2019 |
76 | 'Mage X' Transcription: 'Madō-shi Ekkusu' (Japanese: 魔道士 | March 26, 2019 | June 30, 2019[27] |
77 | 'Bad Blood' Transcription: 'In'nen' (Japanese: 因縁) | April 2, 2019 | -- |
78 | 'Peasant Trap' Transcription: 'Gemin no Wana' (Japanese: | April 9, 2019 | -- |
79 | 'Mister Delinquent vs. Muscle Brains' Transcription: 'Yankī Senpai Bāsasu Kin'niku Baka' (Japanese: ヤンキー先輩VS筋肉バカ) | April 16, 2019 | -- |
80 | 'Special Little Brother vs. Failed Big Brother' Transcription: 'Yūtōsei no Otōto Bāsasu Fudeki no Ani' (Japanese: 優等生の弟VS不出来の兄) | April 23, 2019 | -- |
81 | 'The Life of a Certain Man' Transcription: 'Aru Hitori no Otoko no Ikikata' (Japanese: ある一人の男の生き方) | April 30, 2019 | -- |
82 | 'Clover Clips: The Nightmarish Charmy Special!' / 'Petit Clover! The Nightmarish Charmy SP!' Transcription: 'Puchitto Kurōbā! Akumu no Chāmī SP!' (Japanese: プチット・クローバー!悪夢のチャーミーSP!) | May 7, 2019 | -- |
83 | 'Burn It into You' Transcription: 'Ima, Yakitsukeru' (Japanese: 今、焼き付ける) | May 14, 2019 | -- |
84 | 'The Victors' Transcription: 'Shōsha' (Japanese: 勝者) | May 21, 2019 | -- |
85 | 'Together in the Bath' Transcription: 'Hadaka no Tsukiai' (Japanese: 裸の付き合い) | May 28, 2019 | -- |
86 | 'Yami and Vangeance' Transcription: 'Yami to Vanjansu' (Japanese: ヤミとヴァンジャンス) | June 4, 2019 | -- |
87 | 'Formation of the Royal Knights' Transcription: 'Roiyaru Naitsu Kessei' (Japanese: | June 11, 2019 | -- |
88 | 'Storming the Eye of the Midnight Sun's Hideout!!!' Transcription: 'Byakuya no Magan Ajito Totsunyū' (Japanese: 白夜の魔眼アジト 突入!!!) | June 18, 2019 | -- |
89 | 'The Black Bulls' Hideout' Transcription: 'Kuro no Bōgyū Ajito' (Japanese: 黒の暴牛アジト) | June 25, 2019 | -- |
90 | 'Crazy Magic Battle' Transcription: 'Muchakucha na Mahōsen' (Japanese: ムチャクチャな魔法戦) | July 2, 2019 | -- |
Notes[edit]
- ^Adult Swim uses Funimation's English title.
- ^If there's one title; it is taken from Funimation and Crunchyroll. As the second title is taken from Crunchyroll.
- ^Adult Swim showed a Cowboy Bebop marathon on December 16, 2017[18] and a Dragon Ball Super marathon on December 23, 2017[19] respectively. It resumed on January 6, 2018.
- ^Due to special scheduling, Black Clover moved to 1 A.M. EST beginning on the night of April 7, which is April 8, 2018.[20]
- ^Black Clover moved a half-hour (to 1:30 a.m. EST, switching time slots with Hunter × Hunter) the night of May 5/6, 2018.[21]
- ^Adult Swim showed a FLCL marathon on May 26, 2018.[22]
- ^Adult Swim showed a My Hero Academia marathon on September 1, 2018.[23]
- ^Adult Swim showed an Attack on Titan marathon on November 17, 2018.[24]
- ^Adult Swim showed a Dragon Ball Super marathon on December 22, 2018 and a Boruto: Naruto Next Generations marathon on December 29, 2018[25] respectively. It resumed on January 6, 2019.
- ^Adult Swim uses Funimation's English title.
- ^If there is one title; it is taken from Funimation and Crunchyroll. As the second title is taken from Crunchyroll.
References[edit]
- ^'Black Clover TV Anime Premieres This Year'. Anime News Network. July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
- ^'Monster Musume's Tatsuya Yoshihara Directs Black Clover TV Anime'. Anime News Network. June 1, 2017. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
- ^'Funimation Lists 13 Episodes For 'Black Clover' Anime'. Crunchyroll. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^'Black Clover Anime Listed With 51 Episodes, 4 Openings & Endings'. Anime News Network. November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
- ^'Black Clover Anime Unveils Visual for New Season'. Anime News Network. September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
- ^'Black Clover Anime to Continue Beyond Episode 51'. Anime News Network. September 3, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
- ^Green, Scott (August 24, 2016). ''Black Clover' Anime Episode To Screen At Jump Festa'. Crunchyroll. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
- ^'Jump Special Anime Festa Event Confirms Screening of Black Clover Anime'. Anime News Network. August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
- ^'XEBEC Animates Black Clover Manga's Event Anime'. Anime News Network. October 6, 2016. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
- ^'Yūki Tabata's Black Clover Manga Gets TV Anime by Studio Pierrot (Updated)'. Anime News Network. December 18, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
- ^'Crunchyroll Streams Black Clover Event Anime From Jump Special Anime Festa'. Anime News Network. December 2, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2018.
- ^'Crunchyroll to Stream Black Clover Anime Series Starting in October'. Anime News Network. July 15, 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
- ^'Funimation to Simuldub Black Clover Anime This Fall'. Anime News Network. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
- ^'Funimation Reveals Black Clover English Dub Cast, October 29 Premiere'. Anime News Network. October 26, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ^'Toonami to Air Black Clover Anime Starting December 2'. Anime News Network. November 17, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
- ^'Chapter 1'. Black Clover. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
- ^'エピソード ブラッククローバー|テレビ東京アニメ公式'. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^'Toonami'. Facebook. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ^'Toonami'. Facebook. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ^'Toonami's 4/7: schedule'. Facebook. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
- ^'My Hero Academia to Air on Toonami'. Anime News Network. April 19, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
- ^'FLCL 1 Marathon'. Facebook. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
- ^'Toonami's 2018 labor day schedule'. Facebook. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
- ^'Attack on Titan Marathon'. Facebook. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
- ^'Toonami Lineup Drops Back Down an Hour'. Anime News Network. December 13, 2018. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
- ^'エピソード ブラッククローバー|テレビ東京アニメ公式'. TV Tokyo (in Japanese). Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^'On-Air Schedule'. Adult Swim. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
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